“…"Article 4(1) UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) deals with temporary special (affirmative action) measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women. With a view to support the CEDAW Committee in the process of drafting a General Recommendation to Article 4(1) and in consultation with the Committee members, an expert seminar on this topic was organised in Maastricht, the Netherlands, in October 2002. …”

“…This second revision of the index distinguishes between de facto and de jure measures along the different dimensions of globalization. …”

“…Exploring unionisation projects undertaken by Sex Workers in most major economies, this ground-breaking study shows how sex-workers have collectively sought to control and organise their work and working lives by co-determining the wage-effort with their de facto employers. It highlights the range of significant obstacles that have impeded their progress, including owner hostility, state regulation and the sway of radical feminism that is present in many unions. …”

“…Furthermore, when regulations and standards are not based on sound science they serve as de facto trade barriers and have a negative impact on a wide variety of U.S. export sectors, as well as, those of developing countries. ..."…”

“…This result is only valid when considering de facto environmental standards, not de jure environmental standards. …”

“…It consists of both conceptual and more practical components and builds on four basic elements: the premises of definitional validity, reproducibility and transparency; the 168 evaluation criteria used to code de jure and de facto issues of non-compliance; the ILO textual sources selected for coding; and the general and source-specific coding rules. …”

“…The latter comprises not only temporary employment relationships but also autonomous collaborations used by firms as low-cost de facto temporary employment relationships. Little is known about the quality of these temporary jobs, particularly widespread among young workers. …”

“…Furthermore, and in contrast with labor policy intentions, we show that de facto labor market regulations differentially benefit the most skilled workers, particularly those workers employed in non-routine and cognitive tasks. …”

“…In the remaining five EU Member States (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden), while there is no statutory minimum wage, the minimum wage level is de facto set in (sectoral) collective agreements. It is important to note that the coverage of these agreements varies between countries and, as some employees are not covered, they may not be entitled to any minimum wage. …”

“…As the median voter accumulates nominal assets against a background of de facto and de jure increasing job security and rising wages, her preferences on macro-economic policies shift from concerns about employment-friendly to inflation-averse policies. …”

“…The main aim of the paper is to provide some clarity for non-specialists on a complex situation, and to highlight the need to find workable solutions that de facto restore investor confidence."…”

“…Between 2011 and 2014 the pensions system was largely dismantled: first by limiting the role of the 2nd pillar (mandatory private), secondly by raising the retirement age (to 67), and finally, by the de facto ‘nationalisation’ of the vast majority of the assets in the 2nd pillar (transferred to the 1st pillar, i.e. mandatory public). …”

“…We have stripped away worker protections and family support systems, created a tax system that rewards short-term gains over long-term investment, offered a de facto public safety net to too-big-to-fail financial institutions, and chosen monetary and fiscal policies that promote wealth over full employment."…”

“…Under complementarity between capital and specific human capital, physical capital and senior workers having accumulated specific human capital are de facto complement production factors and EPL may increase capital demand at the firm level. …”

“…Assuming this to be true, there should be a thorough debate on the relevance and viability of the de facto current constitution of the European Union. …”

“…"After steady employment growth since the 1990s, Spain has experienced the sharpest increase in unemployment among OECD countries during the crisis, amplified by structural problems of the labour market. Very high de facto severance payment of permanent contracts has resulted in a rigid dual market with adverse effects on unemployment and productivity. …”

“…"Even the most sophisticated mathematical model," Sedlacek writes, "is, de facto, a story, a parable, our effort to (rationally) grasp the world around us." …”

“…Comprendre les ressorts d'un système totalitaire sans équivalent par son monolithisme idéologique, l'inscrire dans un espace et dans un temps pour en saisir l'ancrage et décrypter le fonctionnement d'une économie émergente, de facto de marché : tel est l'objet de ce livre. La Corée du Nord est le fruit d'une histoire disputée : colonisée par le Japon (1910-1945) puis divisée par les Etats-Unis et l'URSS en 1945, partition entérinée trois ans plus tard et contestée par une guerre fratricide (1950-1953), et restée depuis sans traité de paix. …”

“…Employée des Postes avant-guerre, elle raconte le harcèlement sexuel dans les Postes où, note-t-elle « le droit de cuissage n’était pas si loin que cela… » et ne pardonne pas au Front populaire de ne pas avoir accordé le droit de vote aux femmes alors même que les ouvrières et les employées étaient aux avant-postes du mouvement gréviste : « Cela prouve assez, écrit-elle, que les hommes dits “de progrès”, voire révolutionnaires, n’inscrivent pas de facto dans leurs objectifs immédiats, quand ils ont le pouvoir, l’éradication des injustices qui frappent la moitié féminine de la population. » Elle évoque dans un chapitre les relations du syndicalisme aux femmes faites de paternalisme et de machisme et souvent, malgré tout, d’une certaine ambivalence vis-à-vis du rôle des femmes à mesure que l’emploi féminin progresse. …”

“…Nous nous intéressons ensuite à sa dimension de facto. Nous interrogeons en premier lieu l’effectivité de la règle et constatons d’une part que son application est directement dépendante de son ancrage dans une source de droit contraignant et, d’autre part, que la singularité de ce dispositif se reflète dans le profil des syndicalistes appelés à siéger au CA ou CS qui présentent, dans leur grande majorité, un capital militant particulièrement développé. …”